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The WHO guideline advocates for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as the initial diagnostic test for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. There are, however, patients who may have the persistence of...

Reticuloendothelial cells such as tissue-resident macrophages have an important function of clearing unwanted material from our bloodstream. Kupffer cells residing in liver sinusoids comprise the la...

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) involves a noninvasive technique of transferring fecal microbiota in patients from healthy donors. Donors are generally chosen from spouses or relatives, thoug...

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis is associated with the formation of acute necrotic collection which eventually becomes encapsulated to form walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) in 4 weeks. Good qual...

Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) is a major motility disorder based on the Chicago Classification of esophageal motility disorders.[1] It is diagnosed by performing high-resoluti...